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Sound
effects include artificial or natural sounds excepting speech
and music. For example, the sounds
of a car crash, saloon fight, avalanche or Martian invasion
are realized using sound effects.
The sound effects describe the source of sound so that it can
be identified. Human ability to discern various sounds is
not very accurate. Listening and understanding what is heard
has to be learned. That is why you can also train your hearing:
a good musician can discern an instrument that is out of tune,
an experienced bird watcher recognizes various species of
birds.
As far as film expression is concerned, the inaccuracy of hearing
is an advantage, since the viewer has to complement his or
her inaccurate hearing with images based on experience. For
example, the effects of horror
films are completed in the viewer's imagination, drawing
their effect from the viewer's own fears. The result is all
the more horrifying.
Studio Binder [Movie Sound — A Filmmaker’s Guide to Sound Effect Techniques (studiobinder.com)]
USV [What are Sound Effects in Film? | University of Silicon Valley (usv.edu)]
Backstage [What is a Foley Artist and How Do I Become One? | Backstage]
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